| Birds Name | Rota white-eye |
| Science Name | Zosterops rotensis |
| Domain | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Zosteropidae |
| Genus | Zosterops |
| Species | Z.rotensis |
The Rota white-eye, also known as the Rota bridled white-eye, is a small passerine bird belonging to the Zosteropidae family. Characterized by its olive-green upperparts and yellowish underparts, the bird exhibits a distinctive white ring around its eyes, a feature common to members of its genus. The Rota white-eye measures approximately 11 cm in length and weighs around 8 grams. Its slender, pointed bill is adapted for feeding on insects and nectar, and its legs are strong for clinging to branches while foraging. This bird’s plumage blends seamlessly with the forest canopy, providing it with effective camouflage against predators.
The scientific name of the Rota white-eye is Zosterops rotensis. It was first described in 1987 as a distinct species. This bird is part of the larger Zosteropidae family, commonly referred to as “white-eyes.” Phylogenetic studies suggest that the Rota white-eye shares a close evolutionary relationship with other Pacific island white-eye species, such as Zosterops conspicillatus, found on neighboring islands.
Distribution
The Rota white-eye is endemic to Rota, a small island in the Northern Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. This restricted distribution underscores its vulnerability, as its survival hinges on the preservation of a single geographic location. Rota spans only 85 square kilometers, making the habitat of this bird extremely limited.
Range and Population
The range of the Rota white-eye is confined to the mature wet limestone forests of Rota. Surveys conducted over the years indicate a dramatic decline in population numbers. The estimated population in the 1980s exceeded 10,000 individuals, but by 2020, fewer than 1,000 were believed to remain. A more recent estimate in 2024 suggests that the population may now be as low as 300 to 400 individuals, confined mainly to high-elevation forests above 200 meters.
| Year | Estimated Population |
|---|---|
| 1980s | >10,000 |
| 2000 | ~5,000 |
| 2010 | ~2,000 |
| 2020 | <1,000 |
| 2024 | 300-400 |
Habitat
The Rota white-eye primarily inhabits mature, wet limestone forests characterized by dense vegetation and a rich canopy. These forests provide the bird with ample food resources, including insects and flowering plants. The preferred habitat is located in the northern and central parts of Rota, where elevation and rainfall create optimal conditions for its survival. However, deforestation and habitat fragmentation have severely limited the availability of suitable environments.
Behavior
The Rota white-eye is a highly social species, often observed foraging and roosting in flocks of 10 to 20 individuals. This flocking behavior not only aids in predator vigilance but also enhances foraging efficiency. The bird is diurnal, becoming most active during the early morning and late afternoon when temperatures are cooler.
Feeding
This species is an omnivorous forager, with a diet consisting primarily of insects, nectar, and small fruits. It uses its sharp bill to extract nectar from flowers and to probe tree bark for insects. Observational studies reveal that the Rota white-eye plays a vital role in pollination and seed dispersal within its ecosystem.
| Food Type | Percentage of Diet |
| Insects | 60% |
| Nectar | 30% |
| Fruits | 10% |
Breeding
The breeding season for the Rota white-eye typically occurs between April and July, coinciding with the wet season. Nests are small, cup-shaped structures constructed from plant fibers and spider silk, and are often located in the dense canopy. Females lay 2 to 3 eggs per clutch, with an incubation period of approximately 12 to 14 days. Both parents share responsibilities for feeding the chicks, which fledge within three weeks of hatching.
Threats
The Rota white-eye faces numerous threats, the most significant of which is habitat destruction. Conversion of forests to agricultural land and urban areas has drastically reduced suitable habitats. Additionally, invasive species such as the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) pose a significant predation risk. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering the bird’s habitat and food availability.
| Threat | Impact Level |
| Habitat loss | High |
| Invasive species | High |
| Climate change | Moderate |
| Human disturbance | Low |
Migration
Unlike many bird species, the Rota white-eye is non-migratory. Its entire life cycle takes place on the island of Rota. This sedentary nature further increases its vulnerability, as any local environmental changes directly impact its survival.
Conservation Efforts
The Rota white-eye is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Conservation initiatives include habitat restoration projects and efforts to control invasive species. The establishment of protected areas on Rota has been instrumental in preserving remaining forest habitats. Additionally, captive breeding programs are being explored as a potential measure to bolster wild populations.
Importance to Ecosystem
The Rota white-eye serves as a keystone species within its ecosystem. Its role in pollination and seed dispersal contributes significantly to the regeneration of native vegetation. Protecting this bird ensures the health of Rota’s unique forest ecosystem, benefiting countless other species that share its habitat.
Conclusion
The Rota white-eye is a fascinating yet imperiled species whose fate depends on concerted conservation efforts. As one of the world’s rarest birds, it symbolizes the fragility of island ecosystems and the urgent need for sustainable environmental practices. By raising awareness and supporting conservation programs, there is hope for ensuring the survival of this remarkable bird for future generations.